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SEO
A canonical URL is the preferred version of a page when several URLs show the same content, declared with a rel="canonical" tag.
Duplicates appear easily: with and without www, with tracking parameters, through filters, or in print views. The canonical tag points search engines to the version you want indexed.
Google treats the canonical as a strong hint rather than an order, so it should be backed by consistent internal links and redirects.
Example
A product reached at /shoes?color=black and /shoes both declare /shoes as canonical, so ranking signals are combined on one URL.
Why it matters
Without canonicals, ranking signals are split across duplicates and the wrong version may appear in search.
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